能不能帮找到一篇3000字关于第三方理财业务的外文文献及翻译，最近五年发表的

1. 能不能帮找到一篇3000字关于第三方理财业务的外文文献及翻译，最近五年发表的

翻译也简单，自己再下载个 译霸 想看就看什么 找到后，共享下哈

2. 谁能帮我下些“会计舞弊”的英文文献，写毕业论文需要外文文献和翻译

外文文献已发送邮箱，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的

3. 哪能找到个人理财的外文文献？（最好带翻译的）

　　Are you investing in the right industry?

　　Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms).

　　Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities
　　(situations).

　　It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of 8.9%. This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of 11.3% when the broader market generated only 8.5% growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks?

　　Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and supply.

　　Factors that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, follow
　　very closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular trends.

　　Take an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues to
　　increase. This is an example of secular demand.

　　Classifying demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share prices.

　　A key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders.  Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive).  Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo!  In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry:  DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens.  Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)

　　到这个网站上去看一下,有这篇文章的翻译,此外还有许多商务英语论文
　　http://www.lunwenwang.com/Article/eng/biz/200510/26337_2.html

4. 帮忙翻译阅读经济管理类外文文献中遇到的问题

继任规划的意思，succession plan可以理解为名词性质的继任规划，succession planing就是规划的行动喽，动词方向理解吧。

继承计划政策的元素

Statement of commitment to prepare for inevitable leadership change.承诺声明领导转变为必然. 

Statement of commitment to assess leadership needs before beginning a search.承诺声明之前需要评估领导开始搜寻. 

Plan to appoint interim leadership to ensure smooth operations and compliance with contractual obligations.计划任命临时领导,确保平稳运行和遵守合同义务. 

Outline of succession procedures including:概要继承手续,包括: 

internal management succession to the interim position,内部管理暂行继承地位 

time frame for making the interim appointment,时限作出临时任命 

time frame for appointing a board transition committee, and董事会任命过渡时间表委员会、 

roles of the transition committee, e.g., communication with stakeholders, identifying a transition management consultant, conducting an organizational assessment and designing the search plan.过渡委员会的作用,例如,通讯与利益,确定了过渡时期管理顾问组织评估和设计进行搜寻方案.

5. 帮忙找一篇关于财务分析相关的外文文献，不能太复杂，能翻译成中文最好！！

相关外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要回复邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，直接百度私信或者Hi中留言贴出你需要的问题的链接地址及邮箱地址

6. 求----关于国际结算的外文文献及其翻译！！！最好3000字~请联系我~~~

外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，如果需要直接百度Hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的如果需要直接百度Hi中添加我好友，留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供


留下邮箱地址如dgfgafd的126\q邮箱一六*零****八二*二QQ邮箱

7. 谁能帮忙找一篇关于中小企业财务创新的外文文献,最后还带中文翻译的..急

内容摘要: 中小企业在国民经济中占有重要的地位, 深入研究中小企业的财务
管理, 具有现实意义。本文通过分析中小企业财务管理中存在的问题, 提出了解决
问题的对策及创新措施。关键词: 中小企业财务管理对策与创新进入21 世纪以来, 我国的中小企业蓬勃的发展, 已成为我国国民经济的“生力军”, 对经济增长和社会发展起到了举足轻重的作用。但中小企业自身也存在一些问题, 其中财务管理方面的问题是一个不容忽视的问题。
一、中小企业财务管理中存在的问题
( 一) 片面追求利润最大化, 过度负债经营
众多中小企业把追求利润最大化作为企业财务管理的目标, 但在实践工作中利润最大化存在以下难以解决的问题: 1、没有考虑利润发生的时间, 没有考虑资金
时间价值; 2、没有反映创造的利润与投入的资本之间的关系, 因而不利于不同资本
规模的企业或同一企业不同期间之间的比较; 3、没有考虑风险因素, 高额利润往
往要承担过大的风险; 4、片面追求利润最大化, 会导致企业短期行为, 如忽视产品
开发、人才开发、技术装备水平和履行社会责任等。企业为了追求利润的最大化, 往往过度负债经营。过度负债是高速成长企业的典型通病, 也是财务危机的根源。中小企业的迅速发展与高速成长战略有着直接关系。高速成长战略必然造成资金短缺,
企业在自有资金不足的情况下, 不可避免地要负债经营。而在经营不利等多种因素
影响下, 债务水平加剧, 造成企业过度负债。在过度负债的情况下, 企业的经营成
本和财务压力就会加大, 支付能力日渐脆弱, 加快了财务危机的爆发, 最终不可避免地走上了倒闭、破产的道路。
( 二) 内部管理水平不高
1.管理模式僵化, 管理观念陈旧一方面, 中小企业典型的管理模式是
所有权与经营权的高度统一, 企业的投资者同时就是经营者, 这种模式给企业的财
务管理带来负面影响。在这些企业中, 企业领导者集权、家族化管理现象严重, 管
理极不科学。另一方面, 企业管理者的管理能力低、管理素质差、管理思想落后、缺乏现代财务管理观念, 失去了财务管理本身应有的重要地位和作用。
2.财务管理环节脱节, 使企业财务管
理失衡企业的财务管理环节主要有财务预测、财务决策、财务预算、财务控制和财务分析等五大环节。但在很多中小企业中,仅仅只进行了简单的财务核算工作, 而对于运用科学的财务预测手段、进行科学的财务决策、预算和控制、并进行详尽有效
的财务分析知之甚少, 从而使财务管理内容单一、管理脱节, 不能有效地发挥财务
管理的多方面作用, 降低了企业管理水平。
3.财务管理体制不健全, 财务控制薄弱
集中表现在: 对现金管理不严, 造成大量现金闲置, 未参加生产周转或过量购
置不动产, 使得经营急需资金不足; 应收账款周转缓慢, 造成资金回收困难; 存货控制薄弱, 造成资金呆滞, 周转失灵; 重钱不重物, 对原材料等管理不到位, 资产流失浪费严重; 只关注现金流, 认为有资金周转就足够, 没有对收入、成本、利进行分析, 缺乏大局观。
( 三) 内部控制不力, 监控体系不健全大部分中小企业未能建立一整套健
全、完善而科学的监控体系, 企业监督和控制主要靠“人盯人”办法, 亲属、亲信控制, 管人原则不是靠制度进行考核和评价, 而是靠老板的“信任与否”。中小企业如此忽视内控, 原因有以下两方面: 一是中小企业由于“家长制”问题比较严重, 经营者对内控制度认识不足。有的会计人员无从业资格证书, 仅凭与经营者密切的亲属关系就可上岗, 有的会计人员财务管理极不规范, 仅仅符合经营者的个人要求,资金管理账目非常混乱, 更有甚者徇私舞弊, 既管钱又管账还做假账。另外, 很多中小企业尚未建立内部审计机构, 财务不公开, 股东会、监控会、职代会的监督也流于形式。二是考虑到内部控制经费的代价。中小企业内部控制系统的缺乏带来了许多问题, 不仅明显地增加了欺诈和盗窃行为发生的机会, 而且也增加了依据不确
切、不及时的财务信息做出不良决策的机会。
( 四) 融资困难, 投资盲目
1.资金缺口大, 融资困难一是融资渠道相对有限。中小企业在金融市场中得到的资金与其在国民经济中所占的比重是极不相称的, 相当程度上仅仅依赖于其内部资金, 导致中小企业资金严重不足。二是融资成本高, 风险大造成中小企业信用等级低, 资信相对较差。中小企业由于规模小, 业务比较单一, 资金投入量大, 抵御风险能力差, 银行难免对其存在“惜贷”、“慎贷”的行为。正是中小企业自身的这种特点阻碍了银行对其信用等级评估。三是国有商业银行的信贷营销观念仍很淡薄。国有商业银行长期以来形成的信贷门槛高的现象仍没得到根本的好转, 对于信用程度和资信等级均不高的中小企业群体的贷款不够热心, 并且对中小企业的信贷需求审批手续也较烦杂, 审查也格外严格。除此之外, 银行没有创造出适合中小企业的金融工具。中小企业有许多短期的金融货物, 如发票、应收账款等, 但银行并未加以利用。
2.投资能力弱, 随意性大一是中小企业投资所需资金短缺。银行和其他金融机构是中小企业资金的主要来源, 但中小企业吸引金融机构的投资或借款比较困难, 并且银行对中小企业贷款, 由于高风险而提高贷款利率, 增加了中小企业融资的成本。二是追求短期目标。由于自身规模较小, 贷款投资所占的比例较大, 所面临的风险也更大, 所以总想尽快收回投资, 很少考虑扩展自身规模。三是投资盲目性大, 投资方向难以把握, 致使投资难以收回。二、加强中小企业财务管
理的对策
( 一) 转变理财观念, 提升财务管理层
1.树立人本化理财观念企业的每项财务活动都是由人发起、操作和管理的。其成效如何主要取决于人的智慧和努力程度。因此, 在财务管理中要树立“以人为本”的思想, 理解人、尊重人, 规范财务人员的行为, 建立责、权、利相结合的财务运行机制, 强化对人的激励和约束, 充分调动人们科学理财的积极性。2.树立风险理财观念在现代市场经济中, 由于市场机制的作用, 任何一个市场主体的利益都具有不确定性, 存在蒙受一定经济损失的可能。而在知识经济时代, 企业面临的风险将会更大。在财务管理中要树立风险观念, 善于对环境变化带来的不确定因素进行科
学预测, 有预见地采取各种防范措施, 使可能遭受的损失降到最低限度, 提高抵御
风险的能力, 防范于未然。3.全面提升财务管理的层次我国中小企业目前在财务管理工作中, 企业筹资和投资、企业资本结构、财务风险控制以及财务分析等所占比例较低,企业财务管理工作层次较低, 不能从大局上把握。因此, 必须全面提升企业的财务管理层次。第一, 拓展财务管理内容。第二, 更新财务管理方法。第三, 改善财务管理手段。( 二) 加强资金管理, 强化财务控制1.加强资金管理, 并将其落实到企业内部各职能部门( 1) 资金筹集和资金运用相结合。在进行资金运用决策时, 既要做投资决策,也要做相应的筹资决策, 并且注重有效使用资金, 确保资金增值, 提高自身的积累,以求取得尽可能高的经济效益。( 2) 把加强资金管理作为推行现代企业制度的重要内容, 落实到企业内部各个职能部门。加强资金管理不单是财务部门的职责, 而且关系到企业各个部门。例如,在财务部门, 应加强现金流量预算控制,
对日常现金流量进行动态监控, 加强应收账款控制等; 在保管部, 应加强实物资产
的控制, 保证资产安全、完整; 在生产销售部门, 应加强成本控制, 从原材料的采购到产品的最终销售都要采取有效的成本控制方法, 确定最有利于提高效益的成本
控制方法。2.建立健全中小企业内部控制制度
( 1) 严把会计人员关, 不断提高业务水准。一是会计人员要持证上岗, 被委任
会计领导岗位的人员, 必须具有相应的职务任职资格。二是对会计人员要经常进行
职业道德、业务技能教育和培训, 提高职业素养。对会计人员中有与企业经营者有
密切亲属关系的应予回避, 改变家族模式, 注重选择“异己”。( 2) 完善财务管理制度, 进一步规范会计工作秩序。主要包括: 一是不相容职务分离制度。合理设置财务会计及相关工作岗位, 明确职责权限, 形成相互制约机制, 做到账、钱、物分人管理。二是授权批准控制制度。明确财务会计及相关人员的授权批准的范围、权限、程序、责任等内容, 在授权范围内行使职权和承担责任。三是会计系统控制制度。包括企业的核算流程、会计工作规程、会计人员岗位责任制、财务会计部门职责、会计档案管理制
度等。
( 3) 强化企业审计监督职能, 充分发挥监督机构作用。要使内控制度贯穿于企
业财务活动始终, 除了建立内审机构外,要充分发挥董事会、监事会、股东会、职代
会的监督作用。凡企业内部的重大决策,如计划目标、成本预算、利润指标等等, 都
应提交审议。企业内审机构, 应对财务收支、费用成本、经营效益和税后利润分配
等, 实行定期审查监督。尤其要重视对企业财务管理基础工作的检查考核, 应从原
始凭证、会计分录、科目应用、账册设置以及财务收支等方面进行。通过科学严密的监督检查, 实施对会计的再监督, 做到有法必依、执法必严、违法必究。此外, 在建立内部审计制度时, 要坚持内部审计机构与财务机构分别独立的原则, 同时要保证内审人员独立于被审计部门, 只有这样才能更好地实施会计的再监督作用。

8. 谁能帮我找几篇关于代理记账方面的外文文献啊？最好帮忙翻译一下。实在是找不到啊，论文规定一定要用到。

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请多选赏点分吧，我从文献资料中找也是很花时间的